Prognostic significance of tumor budding in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: association with clinicopathological features

Table 1 Association of clinicopathological parameters with tumor budding

Parameter	Tumor budding
Parameter	Low [n = 5]	Intermediate [n = 33]	High [n = 15]	Univariate analysis (p value)	Multivariate analysis (p value)
Gender
Male [n = 41]	5	26	10	0.29*	0.87
Female [n = 12]	0	7	5	0.29*	0.87
Tumor site
Oral cavity [n = 37]	4	24	9	0.59*	0.93
Oropharynx [n = 16]	1	9	6	0.59*	0.93
Tumor stage
T1-T2 [n = 24]	5	18	1	< 0.01*	0.03
T3-T4 [n = 29]	0	15	14	< 0.01*	0.03
Nodal involvement
N0 [n = 28]	5	22	1	< 0.01*	0.05
N1-3 [n = 25]	0	11	14	< 0.01*	0.05
Grade
G1 [n = 12]	1	8	3	0.31*	0.57
G2 [n = 37]	4	24	9
G3 [n = 4]	0	1	3
Worst pattern of invasion
WPOI 1–4 [n = 34]	4	27	3	< 0.01*	0.02
WPOI 5 [n = 19]	1	6	12	< 0.01*	0.02
Perineural invasion
Present [n = 3]	0	1	2	0.3*	0.73
Absent [n = 50]	5	32	13	0.3*	0.73
Lymphovascular invasion
Present [n = 14]	0	5	9	< 0.01*	0.58
Absent [n = 39]	5	28	6	< 0.01*	0.58

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